diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/core/config/redis.test.ts b/apps/sim/lib/core/config/redis.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7c740e2ec4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/core/config/redis.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+import { createEnvMock, createMockRedis, loggerMock } from '@sim/testing'
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+const mockRedisInstance = createMockRedis()
+
+vi.mock('@sim/logger', () => loggerMock)
+vi.mock('@/lib/core/config/env', () => createEnvMock({ REDIS_URL: 'redis://localhost:6379' }))
+vi.mock('ioredis', () => ({
+  default: vi.fn(() => mockRedisInstance),
+}))
+
+describe('redis config', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    vi.clearAllMocks()
+    vi.useFakeTimers()
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    vi.useRealTimers()
+    vi.resetModules()
+  })
+
+  describe('onRedisReconnect', () => {
+    it('should register and invoke reconnect listeners', async () => {
+      const { onRedisReconnect, getRedisClient } = await import('./redis')
+      const listener = vi.fn()
+      onRedisReconnect(listener)
+
+      getRedisClient()
+
+      mockRedisInstance.ping.mockRejectedValue(new Error('ETIMEDOUT'))
+      await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(30_000)
+      await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(30_000)
+      await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(30_000)
+
+      expect(listener).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+    })
+
+    it('should not invoke listeners when PINGs succeed', async () => {
+      const { onRedisReconnect, getRedisClient } = await import('./redis')
+      const listener = vi.fn()
+      onRedisReconnect(listener)
+
+      getRedisClient()
+      mockRedisInstance.ping.mockResolvedValue('PONG')
+
+      await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(30_000)
+      await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(30_000)
+      await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(30_000)
+
+      expect(listener).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    })
+
+    it('should reset failure count on successful PING', async () => {
+      const { onRedisReconnect, getRedisClient } = await import('./redis')
+      const listener = vi.fn()
+      onRedisReconnect(listener)
+
+      getRedisClient()
+
+      // 2 failures then a success — should reset counter
+      mockRedisInstance.ping.mockRejectedValueOnce(new Error('timeout'))
+      await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(30_000)
+      mockRedisInstance.ping.mockRejectedValueOnce(new Error('timeout'))
+      await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(30_000)
+      mockRedisInstance.ping.mockResolvedValueOnce('PONG')
+      await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(30_000)
+
+      // 2 more failures — should NOT trigger reconnect (counter was reset)
+      mockRedisInstance.ping.mockRejectedValueOnce(new Error('timeout'))
+      await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(30_000)
+      mockRedisInstance.ping.mockRejectedValueOnce(new Error('timeout'))
+      await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(30_000)
+
+      expect(listener).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    })
+
+    it('should call disconnect(true) after 3 consecutive PING failures', async () => {
+      const { getRedisClient } = await import('./redis')
+      getRedisClient()
+
+      mockRedisInstance.ping.mockRejectedValue(new Error('ETIMEDOUT'))
+      await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(30_000)
+      await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(30_000)
+
+      expect(mockRedisInstance.disconnect).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+
+      await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(30_000)
+      expect(mockRedisInstance.disconnect).toHaveBeenCalledWith(true)
+    })
+
+    it('should handle listener errors gracefully without breaking health check', async () => {
+      const { onRedisReconnect, getRedisClient } = await import('./redis')
+      const badListener = vi.fn(() => {
+        throw new Error('listener crashed')
+      })
+      const goodListener = vi.fn()
+      onRedisReconnect(badListener)
+      onRedisReconnect(goodListener)
+
+      getRedisClient()
+      mockRedisInstance.ping.mockRejectedValue(new Error('timeout'))
+      await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(30_000)
+      await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(30_000)
+      await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(30_000)
+
+      expect(badListener).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+      expect(goodListener).toHaveBeenCalledTimes(1)
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe('closeRedisConnection', () => {
+    it('should clear the PING interval', async () => {
+      const { getRedisClient, closeRedisConnection } = await import('./redis')
+      getRedisClient()
+
+      mockRedisInstance.quit.mockResolvedValue('OK')
+      await closeRedisConnection()
+
+      // After closing, PING failures should not trigger disconnect
+      mockRedisInstance.ping.mockRejectedValue(new Error('timeout'))
+      await vi.advanceTimersByTimeAsync(30_000 * 5)
+      expect(mockRedisInstance.disconnect).not.toHaveBeenCalled()
+    })
+  })
+
+  describe('retryStrategy', () => {
+    async function captureRetryStrategy(): Promise<(times: number) => number> {
+      vi.resetModules()
+
+      vi.doMock('@sim/logger', () => loggerMock)
+      vi.doMock('@/lib/core/config/env', () =>
+        createEnvMock({ REDIS_URL: 'redis://localhost:6379' })
+      )
+
+      let capturedConfig: Record<string, unknown> = {}
+      vi.doMock('ioredis', () => ({
+        default: vi.fn((_url: string, config: Record<string, unknown>) => {
+          capturedConfig = config
+          return { ping: vi.fn(), on: vi.fn() }
+        }),
+      }))
+
+      const { getRedisClient } = await import('./redis')
+      getRedisClient()
+
+      return capturedConfig.retryStrategy as (times: number) => number
+    }
+
+    it('should use exponential backoff with jitter', async () => {
+      const retryStrategy = await captureRetryStrategy()
+      expect(retryStrategy).toBeDefined()
+
+      // Base for attempt 1: min(1000 * 2^0, 10000) = 1000, jitter up to 300
+      const delay1 = retryStrategy(1)
+      expect(delay1).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(1000)
+      expect(delay1).toBeLessThanOrEqual(1300)
+
+      // Base for attempt 3: min(1000 * 2^2, 10000) = 4000, jitter up to 1200
+      const delay3 = retryStrategy(3)
+      expect(delay3).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(4000)
+      expect(delay3).toBeLessThanOrEqual(5200)
+
+      // Base for attempt 5: min(1000 * 2^4, 10000) = 10000, jitter up to 3000
+      const delay5 = retryStrategy(5)
+      expect(delay5).toBeGreaterThanOrEqual(10000)
+      expect(delay5).toBeLessThanOrEqual(13000)
+    })
+
+    it('should cap at 30s for attempts beyond 10', async () => {
+      const retryStrategy = await captureRetryStrategy()
+      expect(retryStrategy(11)).toBe(30000)
+      expect(retryStrategy(100)).toBe(30000)
+    })
+  })
+})
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/core/config/redis.ts b/apps/sim/lib/core/config/redis.ts
index ede72eaea9..4db71b49b2 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/core/config/redis.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/core/config/redis.ts
@@ -7,6 +7,63 @@ const logger = createLogger('Redis')
 const redisUrl = env.REDIS_URL
 
 let globalRedisClient: Redis | null = null
+let pingFailures = 0
+let pingInterval: NodeJS.Timeout | null = null
+let pingInFlight = false
+
+const PING_INTERVAL_MS = 30_000
+const MAX_PING_FAILURES = 3
+
+/** Callbacks invoked when the PING health check forces a reconnect. */
+const reconnectListeners: Array<() => void> = []
+
+/**
+ * Register a callback that fires when the PING health check forces a reconnect.
+ * Useful for resetting cached adapters that hold a stale Redis reference.
+ */
+export function onRedisReconnect(cb: () => void): void {
+  reconnectListeners.push(cb)
+}
+
+function startPingHealthCheck(redis: Redis): void {
+  if (pingInterval) return
+
+  pingInterval = setInterval(async () => {
+    if (pingInFlight) return
+    pingInFlight = true
+    try {
+      await redis.ping()
+      pingFailures = 0
+    } catch (error) {
+      pingFailures++
+      logger.warn('Redis PING failed', {
+        consecutiveFailures: pingFailures,
+        error: error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error),
+      })
+
+      if (pingFailures >= MAX_PING_FAILURES) {
+        logger.error('Redis PING failed 3 consecutive times — forcing reconnect', {
+          consecutiveFailures: pingFailures,
+        })
+        pingFailures = 0
+        for (const cb of reconnectListeners) {
+          try {
+            cb()
+          } catch (cbError) {
+            logger.error('Redis reconnect listener error', { error: cbError })
+          }
+        }
+        try {
+          redis.disconnect(true)
+        } catch (disconnectError) {
+          logger.error('Error during forced Redis disconnect', { error: disconnectError })
+        }
+      }
+    } finally {
+      pingInFlight = false
+    }
+  }, PING_INTERVAL_MS)
+}
 
 /**
  * Get a Redis client instance.
@@ -35,8 +92,10 @@ export function getRedisClient(): Redis | null {
           logger.error(`Redis reconnection attempt ${times}`, { nextRetryMs: 30000 })
           return 30000
         }
-        const delay = Math.min(times * 500, 5000)
-        logger.warn(`Redis reconnecting`, { attempt: times, nextRetryMs: delay })
+        const base = Math.min(1000 * 2 ** (times - 1), 10000)
+        const jitter = Math.random() * base * 0.3
+        const delay = Math.round(base + jitter)
+        logger.warn('Redis reconnecting', { attempt: times, nextRetryMs: delay })
         return delay
       },
 
@@ -54,6 +113,8 @@ export function getRedisClient(): Redis | null {
     globalRedisClient.on('close', () => logger.warn('Redis connection closed'))
     globalRedisClient.on('end', () => logger.error('Redis connection ended'))
 
+    startPingHealthCheck(globalRedisClient)
+
     return globalRedisClient
   } catch (error) {
     logger.error('Failed to initialize Redis client', { error })
@@ -118,6 +179,11 @@ export async function releaseLock(lockKey: string, value: string): Promise<boole
  * Use for graceful shutdown.
  */
 export async function closeRedisConnection(): Promise<void> {
+  if (pingInterval) {
+    clearInterval(pingInterval)
+    pingInterval = null
+  }
+
   if (globalRedisClient) {
     try {
       await globalRedisClient.quit()
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/core/rate-limiter/rate-limiter.test.ts b/apps/sim/lib/core/rate-limiter/rate-limiter.test.ts
index 6aaf4ef332..658febd7d6 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/core/rate-limiter/rate-limiter.test.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/core/rate-limiter/rate-limiter.test.ts
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ describe('RateLimiter', () => {
       )
     })
 
-    it('should deny on storage error (fail closed)', async () => {
+    it('should allow on storage error (fail open)', async () => {
       mockAdapter.consumeTokens.mockRejectedValue(new Error('Storage error'))
 
       const result = await rateLimiter.checkRateLimitWithSubscription(
@@ -182,8 +182,8 @@ describe('RateLimiter', () => {
         false
       )
 
-      expect(result.allowed).toBe(false)
-      expect(result.remaining).toBe(0)
+      expect(result.allowed).toBe(true)
+      expect(result.remaining).toBe(1)
     })
 
     it('should work for all non-manual trigger types', async () => {
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/core/rate-limiter/rate-limiter.ts b/apps/sim/lib/core/rate-limiter/rate-limiter.ts
index 53711429f8..a48c33a0ab 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/core/rate-limiter/rate-limiter.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/core/rate-limiter/rate-limiter.ts
@@ -100,17 +100,16 @@ export class RateLimiter {
         retryAfterMs: result.retryAfterMs,
       }
     } catch (error) {
-      logger.error('Rate limit storage error - failing closed (denying request)', {
+      logger.error('Rate limit storage error - failing open (allowing request)', {
         error: error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error),
         userId,
         triggerType,
         isAsync,
       })
       return {
-        allowed: false,
-        remaining: 0,
+        allowed: true,
+        remaining: 1,
         resetAt: new Date(Date.now() + RATE_LIMIT_WINDOW_MS),
-        retryAfterMs: RATE_LIMIT_WINDOW_MS,
       }
     }
   }
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/core/rate-limiter/storage/factory.test.ts b/apps/sim/lib/core/rate-limiter/storage/factory.test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..58098b377e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/core/rate-limiter/storage/factory.test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+import { loggerMock } from '@sim/testing'
+import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
+
+vi.mock('@sim/logger', () => loggerMock)
+
+const reconnectCallbacks: Array<() => void> = []
+
+vi.mock('@/lib/core/config/redis', () => ({
+  getRedisClient: vi.fn(() => null),
+  onRedisReconnect: vi.fn((cb: () => void) => {
+    reconnectCallbacks.push(cb)
+  }),
+}))
+
+vi.mock('@/lib/core/storage', () => ({
+  getStorageMethod: vi.fn(() => 'db'),
+}))
+
+vi.mock('./db-token-bucket', () => ({
+  DbTokenBucket: vi.fn(() => ({ type: 'db' })),
+}))
+
+vi.mock('./redis-token-bucket', () => ({
+  RedisTokenBucket: vi.fn(() => ({ type: 'redis' })),
+}))
+
+describe('rate limit storage factory', () => {
+  beforeEach(() => {
+    vi.clearAllMocks()
+    reconnectCallbacks.length = 0
+  })
+
+  afterEach(() => {
+    vi.resetModules()
+  })
+
+  it('should fall back to DbTokenBucket when Redis is configured but client unavailable', async () => {
+    const { getStorageMethod } = await import('@/lib/core/storage')
+    vi.mocked(getStorageMethod).mockReturnValue('redis')
+
+    const { getRedisClient } = await import('@/lib/core/config/redis')
+    vi.mocked(getRedisClient).mockReturnValue(null)
+
+    const { createStorageAdapter, resetStorageAdapter } = await import('./factory')
+    resetStorageAdapter()
+
+    const adapter = createStorageAdapter()
+    expect(adapter).toEqual({ type: 'db' })
+  })
+
+  it('should use RedisTokenBucket when Redis client is available', async () => {
+    const { getStorageMethod } = await import('@/lib/core/storage')
+    vi.mocked(getStorageMethod).mockReturnValue('redis')
+
+    const { getRedisClient } = await import('@/lib/core/config/redis')
+    vi.mocked(getRedisClient).mockReturnValue({ ping: vi.fn() } as never)
+
+    const { createStorageAdapter, resetStorageAdapter } = await import('./factory')
+    resetStorageAdapter()
+
+    const adapter = createStorageAdapter()
+    expect(adapter).toEqual({ type: 'redis' })
+  })
+
+  it('should use DbTokenBucket when storage method is db', async () => {
+    const { getStorageMethod } = await import('@/lib/core/storage')
+    vi.mocked(getStorageMethod).mockReturnValue('db')
+
+    const { createStorageAdapter, resetStorageAdapter } = await import('./factory')
+    resetStorageAdapter()
+
+    const adapter = createStorageAdapter()
+    expect(adapter).toEqual({ type: 'db' })
+  })
+
+  it('should cache the adapter and return same instance', async () => {
+    const { getStorageMethod } = await import('@/lib/core/storage')
+    vi.mocked(getStorageMethod).mockReturnValue('db')
+
+    const { createStorageAdapter, resetStorageAdapter } = await import('./factory')
+    resetStorageAdapter()
+
+    const adapter1 = createStorageAdapter()
+    const adapter2 = createStorageAdapter()
+    expect(adapter1).toBe(adapter2)
+  })
+
+  it('should register a reconnect listener that resets cached adapter', async () => {
+    const { getStorageMethod } = await import('@/lib/core/storage')
+    vi.mocked(getStorageMethod).mockReturnValue('db')
+
+    const { createStorageAdapter, resetStorageAdapter } = await import('./factory')
+    resetStorageAdapter()
+
+    const adapter1 = createStorageAdapter()
+
+    // Simulate Redis reconnect — should reset cached adapter
+    expect(reconnectCallbacks.length).toBeGreaterThan(0)
+    reconnectCallbacks[0]()
+
+    // Next call should create a fresh adapter
+    const adapter2 = createStorageAdapter()
+    expect(adapter2).not.toBe(adapter1)
+  })
+
+  it('should re-evaluate storage on next call after reconnect resets cache', async () => {
+    const { getStorageMethod } = await import('@/lib/core/storage')
+    const { getRedisClient } = await import('@/lib/core/config/redis')
+
+    // Start with Redis unavailable — falls back to DB
+    vi.mocked(getStorageMethod).mockReturnValue('redis')
+    vi.mocked(getRedisClient).mockReturnValue(null)
+
+    const { createStorageAdapter, resetStorageAdapter } = await import('./factory')
+    resetStorageAdapter()
+
+    const adapter1 = createStorageAdapter()
+    expect(adapter1).toEqual({ type: 'db' })
+
+    // Simulate reconnect
+    reconnectCallbacks[0]()
+
+    // Now Redis is available
+    vi.mocked(getRedisClient).mockReturnValue({ ping: vi.fn() } as never)
+
+    const adapter2 = createStorageAdapter()
+    expect(adapter2).toEqual({ type: 'redis' })
+  })
+})
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/core/rate-limiter/storage/factory.ts b/apps/sim/lib/core/rate-limiter/storage/factory.ts
index ff6b9961c1..948e51ad90 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/core/rate-limiter/storage/factory.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/core/rate-limiter/storage/factory.ts
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 import { createLogger } from '@sim/logger'
-import { getRedisClient } from '@/lib/core/config/redis'
+import { getRedisClient, onRedisReconnect } from '@/lib/core/config/redis'
 import { getStorageMethod, type StorageMethod } from '@/lib/core/storage'
 import type { RateLimitStorageAdapter } from './adapter'
 import { DbTokenBucket } from './db-token-bucket'
@@ -8,21 +8,33 @@ import { RedisTokenBucket } from './redis-token-bucket'
 const logger = createLogger('RateLimitStorage')
 
 let cachedAdapter: RateLimitStorageAdapter | null = null
+let reconnectListenerRegistered = false
 
 export function createStorageAdapter(): RateLimitStorageAdapter {
   if (cachedAdapter) {
     return cachedAdapter
   }
 
+  if (!reconnectListenerRegistered) {
+    onRedisReconnect(() => {
+      cachedAdapter = null
+    })
+    reconnectListenerRegistered = true
+  }
+
   const storageMethod = getStorageMethod()
 
   if (storageMethod === 'redis') {
     const redis = getRedisClient()
     if (!redis) {
-      throw new Error('Redis configured but client unavailable')
+      logger.warn(
+        'Redis configured but client unavailable - falling back to PostgreSQL for rate limiting'
+      )
+      cachedAdapter = new DbTokenBucket()
+    } else {
+      logger.info('Rate limiting: Using Redis')
+      cachedAdapter = new RedisTokenBucket(redis)
     }
-    logger.info('Rate limiting: Using Redis')
-    cachedAdapter = new RedisTokenBucket(redis)
   } else {
     logger.info('Rate limiting: Using PostgreSQL')
     cachedAdapter = new DbTokenBucket()
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/execution/isolated-vm.test.ts b/apps/sim/lib/execution/isolated-vm.test.ts
index 17fb20c0d7..0a7059dfb3 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/execution/isolated-vm.test.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/execution/isolated-vm.test.ts
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import { EventEmitter } from 'node:events'
+import { createEnvMock, loggerMock } from '@sim/testing'
 import { afterEach, describe, expect, it, vi } from 'vitest'
 
 type MockProc = EventEmitter & {
@@ -130,13 +131,7 @@ async function loadExecutionModule(options: {
     return next() as any
   })
 
-  vi.doMock('@sim/logger', () => ({
-    createLogger: () => ({
-      info: vi.fn(),
-      warn: vi.fn(),
-      error: vi.fn(),
-    }),
-  }))
+  vi.doMock('@sim/logger', () => loggerMock)
 
   const secureFetchMock = vi.fn(
     options.secureFetchImpl ??
@@ -154,8 +149,12 @@ async function loadExecutionModule(options: {
     secureFetchWithValidation: secureFetchMock,
   }))
 
-  vi.doMock('@/lib/core/config/env', () => ({
-    env: {
+  vi.doMock('@/lib/core/utils/logging', () => ({
+    sanitizeUrlForLog: vi.fn((url: string) => url),
+  }))
+
+  vi.doMock('@/lib/core/config/env', () =>
+    createEnvMock({
       IVM_POOL_SIZE: '1',
       IVM_MAX_CONCURRENT: '100',
       IVM_MAX_PER_WORKER: '100',
@@ -168,8 +167,8 @@ async function loadExecutionModule(options: {
       IVM_DISTRIBUTED_LEASE_MIN_TTL_MS: '1000',
       IVM_QUEUE_TIMEOUT_MS: '1000',
       ...(options.envOverrides ?? {}),
-    },
-  }))
+    })
+  )
 
   const redisEval = options.redisEvalImpl ? vi.fn(options.redisEvalImpl) : undefined
   vi.doMock('@/lib/core/config/redis', () => ({
@@ -319,7 +318,7 @@ describe('isolated-vm scheduler', () => {
     expect(result.error?.message).toContain('Too many concurrent')
   })
 
-  it('fails closed when Redis is configured but unavailable', async () => {
+  it('falls back to local execution when Redis is configured but unavailable', async () => {
     const { executeInIsolatedVM } = await loadExecutionModule({
       envOverrides: {
         REDIS_URL: 'redis://localhost:6379',
@@ -328,7 +327,7 @@ describe('isolated-vm scheduler', () => {
     })
 
     const result = await executeInIsolatedVM({
-      code: 'return "blocked"',
+      code: 'return "ok"',
       params: {},
       envVars: {},
       contextVariables: {},
@@ -337,10 +336,11 @@ describe('isolated-vm scheduler', () => {
       ownerKey: 'user:redis-down',
     })
 
-    expect(result.error?.message).toContain('temporarily unavailable')
+    expect(result.error).toBeUndefined()
+    expect(result.result).toBe('ok')
   })
 
-  it('fails closed when Redis lease evaluation errors', async () => {
+  it('falls back to local execution when Redis lease evaluation errors', async () => {
     const { executeInIsolatedVM } = await loadExecutionModule({
       envOverrides: {
         REDIS_URL: 'redis://localhost:6379',
@@ -356,7 +356,7 @@ describe('isolated-vm scheduler', () => {
     })
 
     const result = await executeInIsolatedVM({
-      code: 'return "blocked"',
+      code: 'return "ok"',
       params: {},
       envVars: {},
       contextVariables: {},
@@ -365,7 +365,8 @@ describe('isolated-vm scheduler', () => {
       ownerKey: 'user:redis-error',
     })
 
-    expect(result.error?.message).toContain('temporarily unavailable')
+    expect(result.error).toBeUndefined()
+    expect(result.result).toBe('ok')
   })
 
   it('applies weighted owner scheduling when draining queued executions', async () => {
diff --git a/apps/sim/lib/execution/isolated-vm.ts b/apps/sim/lib/execution/isolated-vm.ts
index ae14cc478a..0efeee09b4 100644
--- a/apps/sim/lib/execution/isolated-vm.ts
+++ b/apps/sim/lib/execution/isolated-vm.ts
@@ -987,15 +987,8 @@ export async function executeInIsolatedVM(
     }
   }
   if (leaseAcquireResult === 'unavailable') {
-    maybeCleanupOwner(ownerKey)
-    return {
-      result: null,
-      stdout: '',
-      error: {
-        message: 'Code execution is temporarily unavailable. Please try again in a moment.',
-        name: 'Error',
-      },
-    }
+    logger.warn('Distributed lease unavailable, falling back to local execution', { ownerKey })
+    // Continue execution — local pool still enforces per-process concurrency limits
   }
 
   let settled = false